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October Birthstone: Opal/Tourmaline
Fri - December 16, 2011
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The word opal is adapted from the Roman term opalus, but the origin of this word is a matter of debate. However, most modern references suggest it is adapted from the Sanskrit word úpala. References to the gem are made by Pliny the Elder. It is suggested it was adapted it from Ops, the wife of Saturn and goddess of fertility. The portion of Saturnaliadevoted to Ops was Opalia, similar to opalus.
Another common claim that the term is adapted from the Greek word, opillos. This word has two meanings, one is related to “seeing” and forms the basis of the English words like “opaque”, the other is “other” as in “alias” and “alter”. It is claimed that opalus combined these uses, meaning “to see a change in color”. However, historians have noted that the first appearances of opillos do not occur until after the Romans had taken over the Greek states in 180 B.C., and they had previously used the term paederos.
However, the argument for the Sanskrit origin is strong. The term first appears in Roman references around 250 B.C., at a time when the opal was valued above all other gems. The opals were supplied by traders from the Bosporus, who claimed the gems were being supplied from India. Before this the stone was referred to by a variety of names, but these fell from use after 250.
Opal is an amorphous form of silica related to quartz, a mineraloid form, not a mineral. 3% to 21% of the total weight is water, but the content is usually between 6% to 10%. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in the fissures of almost any kind of rock, being most commonly found with limonite, sandstone, rhyolite,marl and basalt. Opal is the national gemstone of Australia, which produces 97% of the world’s supply.
Opal’s internal structure makes it diffract light; depending on the conditions in which it formed it can take on many colors. Opal ranges from clear through white, gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, magenta, rose, pink, slate, olive, brown, and black. Of these hues, the reds against black are the most rare, whereas white and greens are the most common. It varies in optical density from opaque to semi-transparent. For gemstone use, its natural color is often enhanced by placing thin layers of opal on a darker underlying stone, like basalt.
Historical superstitions
In the Middle Ages, opal was considered a stone that could provide great luck because it was believed to possess all the virtues of each gemstone whose color was represented in the color spectrum of the opal.It was also said to confer the power of invisibility if wrapped in a fresh bay leaf and held in the hand. Following the publication of Sir Walter Scott‘s Anne of Geierstein in 1829, however, opal acquired a less auspicious reputation. In Scott’s novel, the Baroness of Arnheim wears an opal talisman with supernatural powers. When a drop of holy water falls on the talisman, the opal turns into a colorless stone and the Baroness dies soon thereafter. Due to the popularity of Scott’s novel, people began to associate opals with bad luck and death.Within a year of the publishing of Scott’s novel in April 1829, the sale of opals in Europe dropped by 50%, and remained low for the next twenty years or so.
Even as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that when a Russian saw an opal among other goods offered for sale, he or she should not buy anything more since the opal was believed to embody the evil eye.
Besides Opal, Tourmaline is the other birthstone for the month of October. These stones can be found in just about every color. Egyptians called the stone gemstone of the rainbow. According to an Egyptian legend, on its way to the center of earth, tourmaline passed a rainbow and captivated all its colors.The word tourmaline is derived from the Sinhalese word ‘turamali’ which means ‘stone with many colors’. This stone has one of the widest range of colors, the most common being black, but they also come in pink, yellow, blue and green.
Brightly colored Sri Lankan gem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by the Dutch East India Company to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. At the time it was not realised that schorl and tourmaline were the same mineral.
Fine species of these gems exhibit concentric zoning, they are red on the inside and green on the surface. This variety is referred as watermelon tourmaline.California has been major contributor of tourmalines. The Dowager Empress of China (last Empress of China) was in love with pink tourmalines and till the time she was alive every year tons of pink tourmalines were traded between the two nations. The fact that when she died, she was buried with a huge gemstone pillow made up of these beautiful gems highlights her passion for them.
The most popular varieties of these stones include:
Rubelite – Pink to red hued tourmaline is called rubelite.
Indicolite – This is the blue variety of tourmaline and it sometimes is also found with a greenish hue.
Chrome – It is rare variety of tourmaline and has anintense green hue.
Tourmalines are also celebrated for their rare electrical property. When heated, these gems acquire an electrical charge with positive and negative charge on opposite ends. The Dutch first observed this magnetic field behavior and they used the same to collect ash residue from their pipes. For the same reason they named tourmaline “asshentrekers” or ash drawers.
These October birthstones are also the anniversary stones for 8 years of marriage. These stones are known to balance emotions and guarantee happiness in a relationship and inspire creativity. These multi faceted stones are believed to play a major role in jewelry industry in the future.
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